One of the questions Danny Blanchflower was asked yesterday on the BBC's World at One was whether he thought recession in the UK was likely. The evidence is that at on at least 80% of the occasions when interest rates have risen in a pattern like that seen at present then recession has followed. In the remainder there was flatlining. Upsides are hard to find.
We talked this one through. Danny suggested on air that recession was quite possible. I agree.
Why? Dealing with fundamentals first, increasing interest rated does four things.
First, it cuts disposable incomes available for consumption by increasing spending on debt servicing, whether that is corporate debt, personal mortgages, rents (which are a proxy for mortgages because landlords are usually heavily indebted), car loans or credit card costs. If you cut consumption you reduce growth.
Second, you also cut investment. If debt servicing costs rise you reduce the amount borrowed and so investment spending.
Third, you reduce multiplier effects. Those with high marginal propensities to consume (who, in other words, spend all their income) are forced to pay more of their income as interest to those with wealth, who virtually by definition have lower marginal propensities to consume. The result is you increase the savings ratio and reduce the rate of consumer spending in the economy. Everything slows down as inequality rises.
Fourth, if you have a government that believes it must balance its books in terms of cash and its interest costs increase it will try to cut other government spending, so delivering austerity.
Add all this up and the explicit goal of interest rate rises is to reduce income and investment by forcing savings rates up, matched by leaving available resources (mainly labour) unused within the economy. In other words, the whole point of artificial interest rate rises created by policy and not by market pressure is to create a recessionary environment.
The assumption is, of course, that the economy has been booming, which is what created the inflation. The slight problem for those still promoting UK interest rate rises now is that there has been no boom. The recessionary environment now being created does not have that backstop. In that case the risk of recession is much higher.
And the reason why there is always a risk of recession when central bankers are set loose with interest rates is that they do not know when to stop. In the current situation I suspect that point was reached by the time rates hit 1%. They are now 4.25% less than a year after that goal was reached. And what we know is that all the effects I describe above take time to happen: the lag is generally reckoned to be two years, but if I am generous might be less given there never was a boom to counter in the current inflation outbreak.
So, the impact of the current rate rises, which many mainstream commentators say must result in rates staying at this level for several years to come (as the Bank of England forecasts they will), is that the recessionary environment will continue for a long time to come, with the downturn getting fiercer over the next year, even as inflation falls considerably.
What will be the signs? Some are obvious. House prices and mortgage data provide powerful indicators. So too do car sales. They will probably decline. Unemployment will rise. It is likely that insolvencies will grow. Growth will be low and may go negative.
But most of all consumer confidence will remain at rock bottom. People now agreeing one off pay deals will at some time realise how badly off they will be as a result henceforth, having effectively given away a big chunk of their income in perpetuity. They will deeply resent this and react to it by seeking to cut all their spending: that is the only rational thing that they can do.
Bizarrely, then, there will be no bounce from falling inflation. That is because although no measures were required from either government or the Bank of England to deliver that fall in inflation because that was always going to happen, those measures they have taken will deeply embed recession in the economy by enforcing cuts in consumer spending, investment and (wholly unnecessarily) government expenditure.
And I stress, this is all by choice. We never needed interest rate rises because there was no consumer boom that caused this inflation, which was all the result of external factors utterly beyond the UK's control and which were never going to be the slightest bit influenced by Bank of England base rate changes. But we got those base rate charges anyway and so of course we have at least an 80% probability of recession, as is normal in such cases. In fact, without there being any contrary influences to prevent recession in the economy the probability looks higher than that.
So, I remind you of the words of former Bank of England Deputy Governor Charlie Bean yesterday on Radio 4 when he said it was the job of the Bank to now impose a 5% pay cut on the UK economy to pay for the impact of war in Ukraine. That is not in their mandate. But it is what they are doing, and excessive interest rate rises are the way that they are achieving it.
So sure as heck we think a recession is coming. It is policy, after all. Charlie Bean gave that away.
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A good piece.
I would add that it feels like a recession already for many people.
GDP tells us little about ‘real life’ at present. If I pay an extra £1,000 to heat my home and spend less on other stuff I certainly feel poorer… but GDP is unchanged (it measures spending – but not what on).
If I pay by bill on a credit card because I can’t cut back other spending (because it is already down to the bone) then GDP actually rises!
MPC members need to reflect on this…. but from their bunker on Threadneedle Street the view is limited.
Agreed
Totally agreed.
I’ve heard many a banker extol the ‘virtue’ of imposing debt on society as curbing inflation or knocking back consumption without acknowledging the recessionary effects nor what sort of consumption is being affected (in other words – basic living necessities!).
This can tell us a number of things. That (1) there are a set of people who seem to be able to afford anything who are out of touch and also (2) that the adherence to debt as a control is simply dogmatic.
But what it also tells us that this belief comes from having a sense of power. It is this element of empowerment that has to be dealt with in my view – addressed by wage councils, unions, regulation but also putting banking back in its place as a servant and not the served.
I suspect the sense of power is why very few in the banking sector want anything to do with MMT -and indeed, actively dismiss it-magic money tree etc.
P.S.
RE: Your ‘bit of a day’: Well Done!!
You are (unfortunately) probably right about the impending recession unless some “external” factors happen such as China and Turkey persuading Putin to have a truce in Ukraine, the Fed suddenly making a major reduction in interests rates, bumper harvests worldwide, major expansion in renewable energy suplies………………
What you say makes a lot of sense.
But one thing you haven’t discussed is whether the BOE is motivated at least in part by Central Bank group think, and that if the BOE doesn’t slavishly follow what CBs in USA and EU are doing then the pound will sink, increasing import costs, and thereby causing inflation.
On the other hand, many would think higher costs of imported items would be a good thing because it would stimulate domestic production, reduce reliance on foreign commodities, and boost exports.
And of course, one country which is not in the interest rate ratchet system is Japan. If the BOE mantra is correct, why is Japan not in crisis?
Maybe you could discuss some or all of these issues in future posts.
OK
It is something Danny looks at a lot, as do my colleagues at Copenhagen Business School
I would appreciate it greatly if someone would point out where the BoE indicated the substantive economic upsides they assumed to conteract the recession they had forecast only weeks ago, were to be found; and then precisely identify them, save the fact that inflation will fall? Soenhow I missed them (assuming they were ever offered).
Inflation will fall because the biggest price rises over the last year will fall out the calculation; which is not a substantive change to the underlying economic processes that continue, with lower disposable income and higher interest costs among identifiable downsides, which Richard reviews above at length. The inflation calculation at the turning point is an abstraction, and therefore is inert.
What credibility does a BoE forecast possess? On past performance; I submit, precisely none. Why do they persist? Do they think nobody notices?
Does the cost of living payment, equalling an influx of ready money for the poorest to spend, have any effect on keeping us out of recession, is it causing us to seemingly stay out of recession because every 3 months extra money is handed over and that probably, in most cases, gets spent immediately?
I admit I am not sure to what you are referring
Sorry
Going by your two year or less timescale, that would seem to signal when Sunak is planning for the next election, when he will take credit for bringing down inflation and interest rates with of course more tax cuts for those who don’t deserve it.